what title is given to the leader of the supreme court

List of imperial and noble titles in the Ethiopian Empire

Negusa Nagast Haile Selassie with other Ethiopian nobles and retainers.

Until the end of the Ethiopian monarchy in 1974, there were two categories of nobility in Ethiopia and Eritrea. The Mesafint (Ge'ez: መሳፍንት masāfint , mod mesāfint , singular መስፍን masfin , modern mesfin , "prince"), the hereditary nobility, formed the upper echelon of the ruling course. The Mekwanint (Ge'ez: መኳንንት makʷanint , mod mekʷanint , singular መኰንን makʷanin , modern mekʷanin or Amharic: መኮንን mekonnen , "officer") were the appointed nobles, often of humble birth, who formed the bulk of the elite. Until the 20th century, the most powerful people at courtroom were generally members of the Mekwanint appointed by the monarch, while regionally, the Mesafint enjoyed greater influence and power. Emperor Haile Selassie profoundly concise the power of the Mesafint to the benefit of the Mekwanint, who by and then were essentially coterminous with the Ethiopian government.

The Mekwanint were officials who had been granted specific offices in the Abyssinian government or court. Higher ranks from the title of Ras through to Balambaras were besides bestowed upon members of the Mekwanint. A member of the Mesafint, all the same, would traditionally be given precedence over a member of the Mekwanint of the same rank. For example, Ras Mengesha Yohannes, son of Emperor Yohannes 4 and thus a member of the Mesafint, would take outranked Ras Alula Engida, who was of apprehensive birth and therefore a member of the Mekwanint, even though their ranks were equal.

In that location were also parallel rules of precedence, primarily seniority based on age, on offices held, and on when they each obtained their titles, which made the rules for precedence rather circuitous. Combined with the ambiguous position of titled heirs of members of the Mekwanint, Emperor Haile Selassie, as part of his programme of modernising reforms, and in line with his aims of centralising power away from the Mesafint, replaced the traditional system of precedence with a simplified, Western-inspired system that gave precedence past rank, and then by seniority based when the title had been assumed – irrespective of how the championship was acquired.^[1]

Imperial and purple titles [edit]

Negusa Nagast [edit]

The Negusa Nagast (Ge'ez: ንጉሠ ነገሥት nəgusä nägäst , "Rex of Kings") was the Emperor of Ethiopia. Although several kings of Aksum used this mode, until the restoration of the Solomonic dynasty under Yekuno Amlak, rulers of Ethiopia more often than not used the way of Negus, although "King of Kings" was used equally far back as Ezana of Axum (320's–360 CE/AD).

The full championship of the Emperor of Ethiopia was Negusa Nagast and Seyoume Igziabeher (Ge'ez: ሥዩመ እግዚአብሔር; "Elect of God"). The title Moa Anbessa Ze Imnegede Yehuda ("Acquisition Lion of the Tribe of Judah") ever preceded the titles of the Emperor. It was not a personal championship simply rather referred to the title of Jesus and placed the office of Christ alee of the Emperor'southward name in an deed of Imperial submission. Until the reign of Yohannes IV, the Emperor was too Neguse Tsion (Ge'ez: ንጉሠ ጽዮን, nəgusä tsiyon) , "King of Zion"), whose seat was at Axum, and which conferred hegemony over much of the north of the Empire.

The Emperor was referred to past the dignities of the formal Girmawi (Ge'ez: ግርማዊ, gärimawi , "His Imperial Majesty"), in mutual speech equally Janhoy (Ge'ez: ጃንሆይ janihoy , "Your [Imperial] Majesty," or lit. "sire"), in his own household and family unit as Getochu (our Main in the plural), and when referred to by name in the third person with the suffix of Atse (effectively "Emperor", i.e. Atse Menelik).

All formal speech concerning the Emperor was in the plural, as was his own speech; Haile Selassie, for example, referred to himself in the outset-person plural at all times, fifty-fifty in casual chat and when speaking in French (however this was not the case when he spoke in English, in which he was not fully fluent).^[2]

Negesta Nagastat [edit]

The Negesta Nagastat (Ge'ez: ንግሥተ ነገሥታት nəgəstä nägästât ) was Empress Regnant in her own right, literally "Queen of Kings," or "Queen of Queens," or "female ruler of an empire."

Zewditu (reigned 1917–1930) was the only woman to be crowned in Federal democratic republic of ethiopia in her ain right since ancient times. Rather than take the title itege, which was reserved for empress consorts, Zewditu was given the feminine version of nigusa nigist to betoken that she reigned in her ain correct. She was accorded the nobility of Girmawit ("[Her] Imperial Majesty") and the title of Siyimta Igzi'abher (Ge'ez: ሥይምተ እግዚአብሔር səyəmtä 'əgziabhēr , "Electress of God"). She was commonly referred to as nigist, translated as "Queen". The 1955 Constitution of Ethiopia excluded women from the succession to the throne so this title was finer abolished.

Itege [edit]

An Itege (Amharic: እቴጌ 'ətēgē ) was an Empress Consort. This refers to the wives of incumbent emperors.

Empresses were more often than not crowned every bit consorts by the emperor at the Majestic Palace. However, Taytu Betul, consort of Menelik II, became the first Itege to exist crowned by the Emperor at church rather than at the Palace. Her coronation took identify on the second 24-hour interval of the emperor'due south coronation vacation. Menen Asfaw became the first Itege to be crowned by the archbishop on the same mean solar day and during the same ceremony as her husband, Haile Selassie. The Itege was entitled to the nobility of Girmawit ("Her/Your Imperial Majesty").

Negus [edit]

A Negus (Ge'ez: ንጉሥ nəgus , "king") was a hereditary ruler of one of Ethiopia's larger provinces, over whom collectively the monarch ruled, thus justifying his imperial championship. The title of Negus was awarded at the discretion of the Emperor to those who ruled important provinces, although it was often used hereditarily during and after the Zemene Mesafint. The rulers of Begemder, Shewa, Gojjam, Wollo, all held the title of Negus at some point, as the "Negus of Shewa", "Negus of Gojjam", then forth.

During and after the reign of Menelik Ii virtually all of the titles either lapsed into the Imperial crown or were dissolved. In 1914, after having been appointed "Negus of Zion" by his son Lij Iyasu, Mikael of Wollo, in consideration of the hostile feelings this provoked in of much of the nobility in northern Ethiopia (especially Le'ul Ras Seyoum Mengesha, whose family had resented being denied the title by Menelik), who were now technically made subordinate to him, instead elected to use the title of Negus of Wollo. Tafari Makonnen, who after became Emperor Haile Selassie, was bestowed the title of Negus in 1928; he would be the last person to acquit the title.^{[ citation needed ]}

Despite this, European sources referred to the Ethiopian monarch equally the Negus well into the 20th century, switching to Emperor merely later the Second World War – around the same time the name Abyssinia fell out of use in favour of Ethiopia in the due west.

Le'ul [edit]

Le'ul or Leul (Ge'ez: ልዑል lə'ul , "Prince") was a princely style used by sons and grandson of the Emperor. It conferred upon its holder the title of Royal Highness. The fashion first came into use in 1916, post-obit the enthronement of Empress Zewditu

Leul (Ge'ez: ልዑል)
Origin
Gender	male
Language(s)	Ge'ez, other Languages of Federal democratic republic of ethiopia and Languages of Eritrea
Meaning	prince
Region of origin	Federal democratic republic of ethiopia and Eritrea
Other names
Alternative spelling	Le'ul or Leule
Pet form(s)	'Lulé'

Le'elt [edit]

Le'elt (Ge'ez: ልዕልት lə'əlt , "Princess"). This title came into use in 1916 upon the enthronement of Zewditu. Reserved at birth for daughters of the monarch and patrilineal granddaughters. Usually bestowed on the wives of Leul Ras, besides as the monarch's granddaughters in the female line upon their marriages. The notable exception to the rule was Leult Yeshashework Yilma, Emperor Haile Selassie'south niece by his elder brother, who received the title with the dignity of "Highness" from Zewditu upon the princess' union to Leul Ras Gugsa Araya Selassie in 1918, and then over again from her uncle upon his coronation in 1930 with the enhanced dignity of "Imperial Highness".

Abeto [edit]

Abetohun (Amharic: አቤቶኹን abētōhun ) or Abeto (Amharic: አቤቶ abētō , "Prince") – Title reserved for males of imperial ancestry. The championship fell into decay past the belatedly 19th century. Lij Iyasu attempted to revive the title equally Abeto-hoy (Amharic: አቤቶ ሆይ, "Neat Prince"), and this grade is nevertheless used past the current Iyasuist claimant Girma Yohannes Iyasu.

Ras [edit]

Ras (Amharic: ራስ, romanized: ras , lit.'head', compare with Arabic Rais) – One of the powerful non-imperial; historian Harold Chiliad. Marcus equates this to a duke. The combined title of Leul Ras (Amharic: ልዑል ራስ) was given to the heads of the buck branches of the imperial dynasty, such as the Princes of Gojjam, Tigray and the Selalle sub-branch of the terminal reigning Shewan Co-operative.

Emebet [edit]

An Emebet Hoy (እመቤት ሆይ 'əmäbēt hōy , "Great Royal Lady") was a title reserved for the wives of those begetting the title of Leul Dejazmach and other high ranking women of royal blood.

Alternatively, an Emebet (እመቤት 'əmäbēt , "Royal Lady") was a title reserved for the unmarried granddaughters of the monarch in the female line (they were generally granted the title of leult upon union), and to the daughters of the Leul Ras.

Bitwoded [edit]

Bitwoded (Amharic: ቢትወደድ, romanized: bitwädäd , lit.'dear') – An role thought to take been created past Zara Yaqob who appointed two of these, one of the Left and one of the Correct. These were later merged into i function, which became the supreme grade of Ras, "Ras Betwadad". Marcus equates the fashion to an earl.

Lij [edit]

Lij (Amharic: ልጅ, romanized: ləj , lit.'child') – Championship issued at birth to sons of members of the Mesafint, the hereditary nobility.

Men'due south armed forces titles [edit]

Dejazmach (ደጃዝማች däjazmač short for Dejenazmach, Commander of the main army) – a military championship meaning commander of the central body of a traditional Ethiopian armed forcefulness composed of a vanguard, master body, left and correct wings and a rear torso.^[iii] Marcus equates this to a count. The heirs of the "Leul Rases" were titled Leul Dejazmach (ልዑል ደጃዝማች ləul däjazmač ) to elevate them to a higher place the not-imperial claret Dejazmaches.
Fit'awrari (ፊታውራሪ fit'awrari , Commander of the Vanguard) – a military title meaning commander of the vanguard of a traditional Ethiopian armed force. Marcus equates this to a baron.
Qeñazmach (ቀኛዝማች qäñazmač , Commander of the Right wing) – a military title pregnant commander of the right fly of a traditional Ethiopian armed force.^[three]
Grazmach (ግራዝማች grazmač , Commander of the Left fly) – a military title pregnant commander of the left wing of a traditional Ethiopian armed force.^[3]
Azmach (አዝማች azmač , Commander of the Rearguard) – a military title pregnant commander of the rearguard of a traditional Ethiopian armed force. This was usually a trustworthy counselor and the leader'due south chief minister.^[3]
Balambaras (ባላምባራስ balambaras , Commander of an Amba or fortress) – these could as well be commanders of the guards, artillery or cavalry of a traditional Ethiopian armed force, basically a human being entrusted with important commands.^[iii]
Foollee (ፎሌ Foollee , military cadet) –
Kuusaa (ኩሳ Kuusaa , private) –
Raabaa Doorii (ራባ ዶሪ Raabaa Doorii , Warrior) –

Women'south honorifics [edit]

Woyzero (ወይዘሮ wäyzärō , Matriarch) – Originally high noble title that over time came to exist the full general accustomed form of address for married women in general (Mrs.). It was still awarded by the Emperor on rare occasions in the 20th century to non-royal women, and sometimes with the higher grade of Woizero Hoy (ወይዘሮ ሆይ wäyzärō hoy , Great Matriarch).
Woyzerit (ወይዘሪት wäyzärit , Lady) – Originally high ranking noble title for unmarried women, at present the general accepted form of address for unmarried women in general (Miss). It was sometimes awarded with the added distinction of Woizerit Hoy (ወይዘሪት ሆይ wäyzärit hoy , Great Lady), but only to widows.

Of import regional offices [edit]

Tsahife Lam of Amhara (ጻሕፈ ላም) - governor of the Bete Amhara province and the most senior military officer side by side to the Emperor.
Gojjam Negash (ጎጃም ነጋሽ) - Ruler of Gojjam referred to as "The Lord of Lords" inferior but to the Tsahife Lam of Amhara. Senior military machine championship abolished somwhere during the Era of the Princes.
Bahr Negus (ባሕር ንጉሥ bahər nəgus , "ruler of the Seas") – Male monarch of the territories northward of the Mareb River, a powerful official in medieval Ethiopia. Every bit a issue of the revolts of the Bahr negus Yeshaq and the self-determination of Medri Bahri in modern-day Eritrea in the later 16th century, this role lost much of its power. Although men are mentioned every bit property this function into the early 18th century, they were of fiddling consequence.^{[ commendation needed ]}
Merid Azmach (መርዕድ አዝማች märəd 'azmač , "Fearsome Commander" or "supreme general") – This title is related to "Dejazmach" or "Qeñazmach" higher up. Beginning in the 18th century, this came to denote the ruler of Shewa until Sahle Selassie dropped it in favor of the championship of Negus. Afterward revived in 1930 in Wollo for Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen.
Mesfina Harar (መስፍነ ሐረር mäsfinä ḥarar ) – Knuckles of Harar. Hereditary title created in 1930 for Emperor Haile Selassie's second son, Prince Makonnen. (The wife of the Mesfin was properly titled Sefanit, but was more ordinarily referred to as the Mesfinit). Upon the expiry of the Prince, his son Prince Wossen Seged was elevated equally Mesfin Harar and would currently be second in line in the line of succession if Federal democratic republic of ethiopia were still a monarchy after Prince Zera Yacob.
Garad (ገራድ Gärad ) - Often employed interchangeably with "Suldaan" to denote a Sultan. Etymologically signifies "wisdom", "mind" or "understanding". According to Basset (1952), the championship corresponds with the honorific Al-Jaraad, which was used during the Center Ages by Muslim governors in the Islamic parts of Ethiopia. Gerad was historically employed throughout northern Somalia.^[4]
Nebura ed (ንቡረ እድ nəburä 'əd , ane put in office through the laying of hands") – civil governor of Axum reserved for the clergy. Also called Liqat Aksum. Because of the historical and symbolic importance of this city, the rules of precedence promulgated in 1689 ranked the Nebura ed ahead of all of the provincial governors. Indeed, when the championship was granted with Ras Warq (the right to habiliment a coronet), it was higher than even the championship of Ras. Although a civil title granted by the Emperor, information technology was usually bestowed on a clergyman due to Axum'south status equally the holiest site of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church within the state.^[5] The championship of Nebure ed was also granted to the administrator of the Church building of St. Mary at Addis Alem, founded by Menelik II west of Addis Ababa. However the Nebura ed of Addis Alem was much further down the hierarchy than the Nebura ed of Axum, and was not accorded the Ras Warq.
Tigray Mekonnen (ትግራይ መኮንን təgray mäkōnən ) – created for Ras Alula governor of the province of Tigray. Under the rule of Emperor Yohannes IV in the belatedly 19th century, the Tigray Mekonnen briefly became responsible for the territories once controlled by the Bahrnegus, and became the about powerful governor of Eritrea.
Wagshum (ዋግሹም wagšum ) – governor (or shum) of the province of Wag. The Wagshum was a hereditary title, and these rulers traced their beginnings back to the imperial family of the Zagwe dynasty.
Ughaz: Accurate Somali term for "Sultan". Used throughout the northern and western Somali territories; particularly in the Somali region of Ethiopia and the far northwestern surface area of the Somali peninsula, but as well in central Somalia, southern and northeastern Somalia.^[6] ^[seven] The Gadabursi notably gave their sultan the championship of "Ughaz".^[eight] ^[9] ^[10]
Shum Agame (ሹም አጋሜ Shum Agame ) - Governor of Agame province of Tigray, and hereditary in the family of Dejazmach Sabagadis Woldu, a major effigy of the Zemene Mesafint (Era of the Princes) period. Ras Sebhat Aregawi, a longtime rival of the family of Emperor Yohannes Four was one of the more than famous of the Shum Agame.
Imam (ይማም Yəmam ) - Denotes the Head of State.^[11] Manner was used peculiarly by rulers in the Sultanate of Adal and the Ajuran Sultanate. Notable Imams include Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, also known every bit Ahmed Gurey or Gran (both meaning "the Left Handed"), who led a armed forces campaign during the Centre Ages known as the Conquest of Abyssinia (Futuh al-Habash).
Shum Tembien (ሹም ታምብየን šum tambyän ) – Governor of Tembien district of Tigray. Emperor Yohannes IV was the son of Shum Mercha of Tembien.
Jantirar (ጃንጥራር Jant'rar ) – Title reserved for the males of the family who ruled over the mountain fortress of Ambassel in Wollo (at present Debub Wollo Zone). The title of Jantirar is among the oldest in the Ethiopian Empire. Empress Menen, espoused of Emperor Haile Selassie, was the daughter of Jantirar Asfaw.
Abba Gada (አባ ገዳ Abbaa Gadaa ) - cultural leader of the Oromo people, cultural leader of the Konso people, cultural leader of the Gedeo people.
Gadaa (ገዳ Gadaa ) - Leader
Yuuba I (ዩባ Yuuba ) - Counselor
Yuuba II & III - Head of the Repository of Laws
Gadaamoojjii (ገዳሞጂ Gadaamoojjii ) - conducts cultural rites

Important offices of the Majestic Court [edit]

Enderase [edit]

The Enderase (Ge'ez: እንደራሴ, romanized: 'əndärasē , lit.'as myself') acted as the Regent of the Empire in times of the Emperor'south youth, infirmity, or other limited capacity. Empress Zewditu, who reigned from 1917 to 1930, was obliged to share power with an Enderase, Ras Tafari Makonnen, who was also her designated heir, and thus assumed the throne every bit Emperor Haile Selassie in 1930.

The title used past the monarch's representatives to fiefs and vassals (in this sense, a Viceroy). In the 20th century, the title was used by some provincial governors, chiefly that of the autonomous province of Eritrea which was restored to Ethiopia in 1952. The title was still used afterwards the dissolution of the federal arrangement, and was uniformly adopted by the rulers of the other provinces also.^[12]

Emperor-in-exile Amha Selassie appointed Prince Bekere Fikre-Selassie "Enderase" in right of the Crown Council of Ethiopia in 1993, as his representative, and who still holds the function, every bit Crown Prince Zera Yacob Amha Selassie has non declared himself Emperor.^[13]

Reise Mekwanint [edit]

Reise Mekwanint (ርእሰ መኳንንት rə'əsä mäkʷanənt , "head of the nobles") was a championship granted during the Zemene Mesafint, which raised its holder over all appointed nobles. It was bestowed upon the Enderase, who during that period held most of the (considerably macerated) imperial power. It was last granted to Yohannes IV past his brother-in-law Tekle Giyorgis II (Wagshum Gobeze) before the former deposed the after and seized the throne for himself.

Tsehafi Taezaz [edit]

The Tsehafi Taezaz (Ge'ez: ጸሐፌ ትእዛዝ, romanized: ts'äḥafē tə'əzaz , lit.'scribe by command', translated as "Government minister of the Pen") was the most powerful mail service at the Purple court. According to John Spencer, he was "the i who traditionally walked two steps behind the Emperor to listen to and write down all orders that the latter gave out in the course of an audience or an inspection bout." Spencer adds that under Haile Selassie the Tsehafe Tezaz safeguarded the Dandy Seal, kept the records of all important appointments, and was responsible for publishing all laws and treaties; "his signature, rather than that of the Emperor, appeared on those [official] publications although the heading in each example referred to His Majestic Majesty."^[xiv] The office was combined with that of Prime Minister during the tenure of Aklilu Habte-Wold (1961–1974).

Afe Negus [edit]

Afe Negus (አፈ ንጉሥ 'afä nəgus , "mouth of the King") Championship for the Majestic Supreme Court Justices that is equivalent to "Lord Justice" or "Lord Chief Justice" (in the instance of the Primary Justice). The championship was originally given to the two chief heralds who acted equally official spokesmen for the Emperor, hence the name "mouth of the King". Since the Emperor never spoke in public, these officials ever spoke in public on his behalf (speaking every bit if they were the Emperor). By 1942, this title was granted but to Justices of the Regal Supreme Court.^[fifteen]

Liqe Mekwas [edit]

The Liqe Mekwas (ሊቀ መኳስ liqä mäkʷas ) was the impersonator or double of the Emperor, who accompanied him in battle. Two trusted and highly favored officials were given this championship. They always walked or rode on either side of the monarch in boxing, or in public processions, dressing every bit magnificently, or more magnificently and then he, in guild to distract assassins.^[16]

Aqabe Se'at [edit]

The Aqabe Se'at (ዐቃቤ ሰዓት 'aqabē sä'at , "keeper of fourth dimension") was a high official, ofttimes a chaplain, who was responsible for keeping the Emperor's schedule and had potency over the clergy assigned to the Majestic Court. The position was one of immense power in medieval times, but became largely titular under the Gondarine Emperors and eventually went out of beingness.

Blattengeta [edit]

The Blattengeta (ብላቴን ጌታ blatēn gēta , "lord of the pages") was a loftier courtroom official that served equally ambassador of the Palaces. The championship was later used as an honorific.

Blatta [edit]

Blatta (ብላታ blata , "page") was the rank of loftier court officials in charge of maintaining palace protocol and meeting the personal needs of the Regal family.

Basha [edit]

Basha (ባሻ baša ) was a rank originally derived from the Turkish (Ottoman)/Egyptian title of Pasha, but considered a lower rank in Federal democratic republic of ethiopia, whereas Pasha was a high rank at the Turkish and Egyptian courts.

Important offices of the civil government [edit]

Negadras [edit]

A Negadras (ነጋድራስ nägadras , "caput of the merchants") was the appointed leader of a larger boondocks's merchants, who supervised the operations of the markets, the assistants of customs, and the collection of taxes.^[one] By the end of the 19th century a negadras was oft the single about important official in a boondocks, essentially acting as its mayor.

By 1900 the various negadrasoch had been subordinated to the negadras of Addis Ababa, Haile Giyorgis Woldemikael, who by 1906 supervised strange businesses and diplomatic missions in the uppercase, the organisation of hand was responsible for granting concessions and contracts to foreign enterprises, making the mail service the de facto Mayor of Addis Ababa, Master of police, Minister of Commerce and Minister of Foreign Diplomacy. These functions were separated past the germination of the get-go cabinet in 1907, with Haile Giyorgis appointed to those posts. With Haile Giyorgis' removal from part by then-Regent Ras Tafari Makonnen in 1917, the post of negadras of Addis Ababa lost most of its powers to the office of Kantiba, the caput of the municipal government, which had been created in 1910, with other towns later following suit.^[1]

Kantiba [edit]

Kantiba (ከንቲባ käntiba , "mayor" or "Lord Mayor") is a mayor of a large boondocks or metropolis in modern times. In aboriginal times a kantiba was a chief, the king's lieutenant that used to govern a province or more provinces. He had soldiers. The kantiba had the chore to administer the given areas. In certain cases the championship of kantiba could take passed downwardly from father to son, and in some others the title was given to elected individuals for a few years, where at the terminate of the mandate another person was elected.

References [edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c Garretson, Peter (Nov 2000). "Intrigue and Power: Hayle Giyorgis, Addis Ababa's First Mayor". Seleda. II (V). Archived from the original on iv March 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
^ Vadala, Alexander Atillio (2011). "Elite Distinction and Regime Change: The Ethiopian Instance". Comparative Sociology. 10 (4): 641. doi:10.1163/156913311X590664.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^{due east} Ethiopia Military Tradition in National Life Library of Congress
^ Lewis (1999:203–204) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFLewis1999 (assist)
^ Edward Ullendorff notes that the title of "Nebura ed" is also used by the head of Basilica Church of St Maryam at Addis Alem, "built by Menelik as the southern Aksum". (The Ethiopians, second ed. [London: Oxford, 1960], p. 109)
^ Lewis (1999:203–204) harvcoltxt fault: no target: CITEREFLewis1999 (help)
^ Lewis, I. M. (1961-01-01). A Pastoral Democracy: A Report of Pastoralism and Politics Amongst the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 204. ISBN9783825830847.
^ Abdi, Abdirahman (August 24, 2013). "Ugaas Xasan Ugaas Yaasiin oo Muqdisho kula kulmay odayaal dhaqan(Sawiro)". Retrieved September 21, 2019.
^ "Taariikhdii Ugaas Yaasiin".
^ Westermann, Diedrich; Smith, Edwin William; Forde, Cyril Daryll (2007-01-01). Africa. Oxford University Printing. p. 230.
^ Mohamed Haji Muktar, Historical Dictionary of Somalia, (Scarecrow Press: 2003), p.35
^ Zewde, Bahru; Pausewang, Siegfried (2002). Ethiopia: The Challenge of Democracy from Below. Uppsala: Nordic Africa Constitute. p. ten. ISBN9171065016.
^ Copley, Gregory. "The Construction and Part of the Crown Council of Ethiopia". Majestic Ethiopia Online. The Crown Council of Federal democratic republic of ethiopia. Retrieved 7 Oct 2014.
^ Spencer, John (1984). Federal democratic republic of ethiopia at Bay: A personal business relationship of the Haile Selassie years. Algonac, Michigan: Reference Publications. p. 118. ISBN0917256255.
^ Margary Perham, The Regime of Ethiopia, second edition (London: Faber and Faber, 1969), p. 154
^ Perham, The Regime of Federal democratic republic of ethiopia, p. 86

Sources [edit]

Federal democratic republic of ethiopia: a land study. Edited by Thomas P. Ofcansky and LaVerle Berry. fourth ed. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. For sale past the Supt. of Docs., U.South. Grand.P.O., 1993. Online at http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ettoc.html#et0163

External links [edit]

Ethiopia'southward Aristocracy

christianlablen1983.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles